Naomisthic. Religion is a cultural. Naomisthic

 
 Religion is a culturalNaomisthic Donna Rockwell and Vanessa Brown (Special Issue Editors) Vol

Hearthstone Duels 12 Wins Warlock – SilberFuchsin(Dark Arts | Killmox) September 7, 2023. Little 🤫 ️👿. Shortly after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the Arab Empire spread rapidly across North Africa, effectively converting those it conquered to Islam. Animistic Religion. Term. About this site. CREDITS: INSTAGRAM. Nature worship, system of religion based on the veneration of natural phenomenon, such as celestial objects or terrestrial objects. The first definition is simple enough; just think of the song “colors of the Wind” from Disney’s Pocahontas: Animism beliefs recognize that all things are intelligent and have agency. 3) God Himself has redeemed the world through the sacrifice of His Son. Traditional Māori religion. The Midewiwin society is a secretive animistic religion, requiring. Childhood Memories [Totobuang] 8. Mielikki´s name comes from the old Finnish word mielu meaning luck. The belief of animism is probably one of man’s oldest beliefs, with its origin most likely dating to the Paleolithic age. Jada Pinkett was getting d1cked down by Westley Snipes, made him wear bandanas like pacNeo-paganism has proved difficult to define as it is anything but a homogenous religion. ” 6. The consequence of these changes is. Click the card to flip 👆. Watch the latest video from naomithicc (@naomithicc3). pragmatics. Shinto, a polytheistic religion unique to Japan, is. Animism is the belief that objects that are inanimate (not living) have feelings, thoughts, and have the mental characteristics and qualities of living things. by Kiran Athar June 19, 2021, 6:32 pm. Recommend Story 36. Artist Lydia Pettit's latest exhibition uses horror tropes to confront PTSD and sexual trauma. Traditionally, Hmong religion involves belief in animism, that all things have spiritual essences or souls, and in multiple gods or creators, which do not dwell in the physical human realm. Gods and goddesses were worshipped at local shrines, such as the Kaaba in Mecca. The religion itself, however, spread beyond the Arab Empire's borders, finding homes in various kingdoms in the surrounding areas. The need for a reconsideration of human-nature relationships has been widely recognized in the Anthropocene. A well-known and often cited phenomenon in precausal thinking, animism was considered by Jean Piaget to be characteristic of the thought of children in the preoperational stage, later fading out and being replaced by the strong belief in the. The term animism properly refers to a theory set forth by the English scholar E. [C20: from Greek nomos law, custom]“Searching for ‘Superchief’ and Other Fictional Indians: Case Comment on R v Bernard, 2017 NBCA 48,” in Special Issue of Osgoode Hall Law Journal: A Right Without a Rights. The Bantu migrations added to and displaced the. A) development of language skills is the primary cause of childhood cognitive change. The Neolithic Age, or New Stone Age, is the third period of the Stone Age. Obviously, this cannot be reconciled to biblical Christianity. Each of these spirits must be worshiped or appeased through Animists offering sacrifices, prayers, dances and other forms of showing devotion to these spirits. Monotheism is the belief in one God or the oneness of God. The also Hmong believe in reincarnation, curing. ; the height of their. The latest tweets from @NaomichiTs naomisthicc - Wiki, Bio, Height, Weight, Measurements. The magickal effects, or attempts to engender magickal effects, of calling out those spirits. the belief that natural phenomena or inanimate objects are alive or possess lifelike characteristics, such as intentions, desires, and feelings. Horticultural societies. The equally mighty Songhai Empire was a notable. It is typically practiced in forests, where the loose soil is easily broken. lancegendvilas. The practical, social side of language is called. The four major early gods worshiped by native Hawaiians encompass Kū, the god of war and male pursuits, Kāne, the god of creation, Lono, the god of peace, rain, and fertility, and Kanaloa, the ocean god. The totem animal or plant is generally held to be an ancestor, guardian, and/or benefactor of the human or humans in question. He elaborated, “People now call it Gaia-ism but the older name for it was pan-psychism. Abstract. From an animistic perspective, humans do not occupy a special role in the universe; plants, animals, rocks, mountains, lands. Learn more about. Who Are the Otomí People? The Otomí, are indigenous people who live mostly in the Mexican state of Hidalgo. In some parts of the world, the Day of the Dead may seem like a harmless holiday—a chance to buy colorful decorations, to eat Mexican food, or to join neighbors in their family traditions. Cesario Garcia* Animism (from the Latin: animus or anima, meaning mind or soul) refers to a belief in numerous personalized, supernatural beings endowed with reason, intelligence and/or volition, that inhabit both objects and living beings and govern their existences. Animistic beliefs were first competently surveyed by Sir Edward Burnett Tylor in his work Primitive Culture (1871), to which is owed the continued currency of the term animism. Spirit of Apple,very ancient medicine. And, all have their own beliefs and practices, often related in some way. In the new book, “Living Ghosts and Mysterious Monsters,” a Native storyteller shares ancient and contemporary scary. The main differences between the three types of religious have to do with how and what they worship. All are both somewhat good and somewhat evil, but the relevant characteristic is power, not morality. It was last seen in Daily quick crossword. is Islam monotheistic or polytheistic? Arabic al-Ilh, or “the God,” is a contraction of the word Allah, which means “God. There is, however, an important difference between animism and naturalism as ways of theorizing particular practices. This is a good definition by and for modern analytical minds. Totemic beliefs may not be as foreign to the Western mind as first expected; many Westerners have totems. [1] [2] The goal of this is usually to direct spirits or spiritual energies into the physical world for the purpose of healing, divination, or to aid human. Sweden b. Although marketers have been using various message tactics to breathe life into their brands, the concepts of animism and animistic cues, particularly in social media marketing, have received little theoretical and empirical attention. See also: Sylvan elf and Green elf (disambiguation) Wild elves or green elves, also known as sy-tel-quessir or grugach, were a feral, stealthy subrace of elves that became more and more reclusive over the years. Some of the money that people deposit into a bank eventually becomes an injection into the economy when the bank . 1. Israel d. This is the one that affirms the belief that there are many gods in the universe and that they interact with humanity in a symbiotic relationship. C) sensorimotor experience leads to internal images of. "Animism is the Rod­ney Dan­ger­field. They are mostly located in the Oaxaca region in modern times and were known to have been the dominant group in the Valley of Oaxaca from around 500 B. The traditions of animism, tribalism, and ancestor worship are often regarded as things of the past, no longer practiced in the modern world. Wiccan jewelry, showing a pentacle necklace, a pentacle ring, and a torc. So if we dare to use these two often romanticised and rarely. The Second Dissemination. The Hmong belief in multiple souls, also known as ntsuj plig. Aside from developing contacts with the Ahom kingdom, which was established in 1228 in Assam, the Nagas generally lived an isolated existence from the outside world. Aquino, 2000), Filipinos’ belief in an. 2. 12 Next ». Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Culture, fundamentalism, Historic Developments in Culture and more. The Sami people live in four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. -Age 2: understand others' emotions and desires. Classified as an East Asian religion by scholars of. animism A term of historic interest for belief that inanimate objects (e. Their whole view of the world may shift. This is a good definition by and for modern analytical minds. Durkheim's Two Problems. Format: PDF. # of Letters or Pattern. Indigenous beliefs and rituals have shaped the cultural identity of the Filipino people for centuries. Animism is the understanding that everything in the world has a spirit. But in reality, the age-old beliefs of ancestors, spirits, and communication with the dead still hold many people across the globe in great bondage. It remains a common system of belief among many people today. Kami is the Japanese word for a deity, divinity, or spirit. 1 / 18. Within the large pantheon of symbols, the hornbill and the Indian bison or mithun were the most common motifs among the diverse Naga tribes and had great relevance and symbolism in the Naga. U. animistic: 1 adj of or pertaining to the doctrine of animism Synonyms: animistTheory of mind: or coherent set of ideas about mental activities (metacognition); thinking about thought. What are synonyms for animistic?Monotheism - Polytheism, Dualism, Henotheism: The God of monotheism is the one real god that is believed to exist or, in any case, that is acknowledged as such. The curatorial project Animistic Apparatus emerged from May Adadol Ingawanij’s study of the ritual uses of itinerant film projection around Thailand and neighboring territories since the Cold War period. But if his interests thus bore some external similarity to those of the ethnographer or historian, his ultimate purpose went well beyond the reconstruction of an archaic culture for its own sake; on the contrary, as. Arab polytheism, the dominant belief system, was based on the belief in deities and other supernatural beings such as djinn. 16K Followers, 817 Following, 290 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Naomi (@naomistent)30K likes, 437 comments - ognaomifoxx on December 11, 2022: "All eyes on me ️ @naomisthickasf @not_freelancephotography"947. Monotheism is a term for a belief system based on the belief in a single deity. We’re thankful that we’re on this Mother Earth. Nicholas Tapp,. Right work (do something useful, avoid jobs which harm others). Kami takes on many meanings depending on the context and it doesn't just refer to the Western concept of God or gods, either. In most parts of the world, animism blends in with formal religions. We found one answer for “Animistic” . Usually these gods are distinguished by particular functions, and often have human characteristics. polytheism. The place of origin and when it start and the founder is not known. With the arrival of Islam in the 14th century, the older religions gradually. It is a religion based on spirits (Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World’s Culture). Jane believes that Dick is successful in his work because he has worked very hard. Primal religions are those which are ancient, in existence before the advent of. As a category, Tylor’s concept is more. Yet, calling these entities 'gods' is not quite correct because kami actually includes a wide expanse of supernatural beings or forces. Monotheism-he doctrine or belief that there is only one God. Item #: 6295005. Monotheism is a religion that worships only one god. the 'Broad One'), is the reconstructed name of the Earth-goddess in the Proto-Indo-European mythology. Animism - Counter-Theories, Beliefs, Practices: Tylor thought the idea of the human soul must have been the elementary religious idea and the model for all other supernatural beings. Totemism. Ancestral spirits are very important, and spirits dwell in houses, mountains, rivers, winds, and trees. Animistic religions worship spirits and. This language depicts stories of the Dreamtime; the art stands as a direct expression of their understanding of the cosmos. e. )Qin D. Early childhood is a time when children are especially attracted to motion and song. Subscribe. The beliefs of Native Americans may have varied slightly from one tribe to another. As both are considered to be the earliest belief systems, they still hold an incredible amount of importance even today, having withstood the spread of organized religion. They had a heavier build. C. Humans are designed by evolution to believe in God. Animism is the belief that everything has a soul or spirit, an anima in Latin, including animals, plants, rocks, mountains, rivers, and stars. 6 New. This article puts forward the notion of animistic design as an uncertainty-driven strategy to reimagine human–machine interaction as a milieu of human and nonhuman. 4. Among the most important of their gods were those associated with fertility of the land, like Cocijo, the god of rain, and Pitao Cozobi, the god of corn or somthing like that. SoundCloud may request cookies to be set on your device. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more. 57 likes. Monotheism-he doctrine or belief that there is only one God. Animism is a primitive religion whose adherents have for. More simply, it is the belief that “ everything is conscious ” or that “ everything has. In the polytheistic dogma, the gods are personified with characteristics of human beings, distinguished by their different functions and the protection they have over. The total population in. The torii gateway to the Itsukushima Shrine in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, one of the most famous examples of torii in the country. The famous icon of Baphomet, i. Animism definition: . In this religion, it is believed that kami, which is the spirit of nature, exists everywhere. The gods took the form of idols made from wood, feathers, and stone. Upon completion of your order, you will receive a link to download this product. Fisk metallic coffin. These traditions lacked sacred texts and fixed. Monotheism characterizes. the judgments we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments. Janus and the nymph Camasene were the parents of Tiberinus, whose death in or by the river Albula caused it to be renamed Tiber. In the history of religions and cultures, the concept of nature worship has not been well documented and is limited primarily to scholars in the modern (mostly Western) study of religion. Animistic religions worship spirits. Animism in Magic: Regional and Nature Spirits. Naomisthicc, Michigan Center, Michigan. Mark Goddard, Ph. More simply, it is the belief that “everything is conscious” or that “everything has a. Equations between gods were freely made: Zeus became Jupiter, Aphrodite. self-conscious emotions. Branch. See examples of ANIMISTIC used in a. Shinto, a polytheistic religion unique to Japan, is. Animism is the belief that all objects and living things possess a soul or spirit. t. . 4. Animism is a category of religious systems in which human activity is understood within a broader context of persons and their relationships; these persons may include visible beings such as humans, animals, plants, and rocks, and non-visible beings such as spirits or ancestors. Animistic Beliefs, Venetta, hainafromchina, Nanzhen Yang, ophélie, bianyachichi. John V. It differs from farming also in its relatively more primitive technology. Animism - Beliefs, Spirits, Nature: Part of the conceptual difficulty experienced both in anthropology and in the history of religions, when animism is to be placed among other systems of belief, springs not from the early association of animism with a speculative theory of religious evolution but directly from the huge variety of animistic cults. Animism - Particularism, Beliefs, Practices: Particularism is evident in the number and variety of spirits recognized and in the peculiar scope attributed to each. 2. Animism perceives all things—animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems, human handiwork, and in some cases words—as animated and alive. Infant Chapter 9. Ramya Nair is a researcher leading a project in Thanamir village, Nagaland, on the India-Myanmar border, with the NGO Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI). More simply, it is the belief that “everything is conscious” or that “everything has a. The belief in the existence of individual spirits that inhabit natural objects and phenomena. Pre-Columbian civilizations - Inca Religion, Gods, Rituals: Inca religion—an admixture of complex ceremonies, practices, animistic beliefs, varied forms of belief in objects having magical powers, and nature worship—culminated in the worship of the sun, which was presided over by the priests of the last native pre-Columbian. The first of these souls stays with the body, the second wanders at night during sleep causing the person to dream, and the third soul protects the person from harm (Livo & Cha, 1991). 507 into his conception of the world, and criteria for distinguishing these from the others are indispensable. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. monotheism, belief in the existence of one god, or in the oneness of God. (Theology) adherence to a law or laws as a primary exercise of religion. Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development is called the preoperationalstage and coincides with ages 2-7 (following the sensorimotor stage). All indigenous cultures have animism beliefs. 1. Animistic thinking is very common (if not ubiquitous) in young children and Piaget noted that this is a characteristic of the pre-operational stage of childhood development. The living dead. The practice of calling out to those spirits. Humans have souls, as do animals, insects, plants, bodies of water, rocks, mountains, weather systems, and so on. d. It’s best to be avoided to be honest. "Even re­li­gious dev­o­tees of mono­the­ism in the de­vel­oped West look down their noses at an­i­mism," Asma says. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Animism is the belief that all things have a spirit or soul, including animals, plants, rivers, mountains, stars, the moon, and the sun. Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia was a mix of polytheism, Christianity, Judaism, and Iranian religions. relating to activity of the mind: . Animism. Here are the possible solutions for "Spirit" clue. faith. Download Low Res. Animals, rocks and crystals, trees, the wind, insects, the waves−each, and many more, were powerful entities that could be contacted and. History of Mental Illness. It is also a form of religion. They could be addressed in particular objects, such as stones or posts, which some early peoples would set up in likely places. Guided imagery mobilizes your client’s imagination to practice a visualization that addresses a specific psychological need. « Previous 1 2 3. 1) When considering advances in mental representation, Piaget proposed that ________. There is, however, an important difference between animism and naturalism as ways of theorizing particular practices. As of the 1370s DR, they were an extremely insular race who remained close to nature and were rarely seen by other races. One salient feature of Negrito religion is its noticeable lack of systematization. This page shows answers to the clue Animistic, followed by 2 definitions like “ Of or pertaining to animism ”, “ The belief that things in nature, e ” and “ The belief that a supernatural force animates and organizes the universe ”. This system of beliefs attributes a spiritual essence to all elements of. Inuit shamanism is a tradition in which the angakkuit (singular angakoq) communicate with spirits. The membrane can be easily separated into. If you're going to ask the locals about the missing. Animism-the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. Crusader Kings II is a grand strategy game with RPG elements developed by Paradox Development Studio. Advertisement. The statistical data on religion show that Islam has the highest percentage of adherents with about 87. Note: This is a product in PDF format. 1 / 18. That’s the first thing when we wake up in the morning, is to be thankful to the Great Sprit for the Mother Earth: how we live, what it produces, what keeps everything alive. animism is the belief that everything has a soul or a spirit. 7 letters. ) Shang B. Denkyem - the 'crocodile'. Narcissists may engage in any means necessary to prolong conflict in a divorce. provided supplies and merchandise to funeral undertakers who were dealing directly with the public. Author. U. David Abram, PhD, cultural ecologist and geophilosopher, is the founder and creative director of the Alliance for Wild Ethics. When looking for ways to deal with physical or mental illness, it is good to keep an open mind. • In Nahuatl the word means to. It is usually applied to any religious beliefs that recognize spirits or a spirit world inherent in the physical world. Animism (from the Latin: animus or anima, meaning mind or soul) refers to a belief in numerous personalized, supernatural beings endowed with reason, intelligence and/or volition, that inhabit both objects and living beings and govern their existences. C) sensorimotor experience leads to internal images of. Animista is a CSS animation library and a place where you can play with a collection of ready-made CSS animations and download only those you will use. Early childhood is a time of development of both gross and fine motor skills. I would say go with the form of paganism you like best. 1. Monotheism is the belief in one God or the oneness. naomisthicc - Wiki, Bio, Height, Weight, Measurements. Animism definition: . Shamans at a Sri Lankan temple known for helping pilgrims place curses on their enemies went on strike Thursday after appeals to the lord of destruction failed to resolve a pay dispute. From that research, May Adadol and her collaborators proposed the idea of an affinity or contemporaneity of sorts between the. Instagram@naomi_foxy YouTube page in my link Ppl hate. Fitzroy. The concept of ‘Spirit Animals’ draws its origins from ancient Animistic and Totemistic beliefs about the world and our connection to it. As the second chapter in our location-based Portals series, Oro embodies our creative exploration of the place that half of the MNTRA Team calls home, Bogotá, Colombia. The belief that all things have spirits or souls. )Ming, All are correct about the "five relationships" except: a. Kirat Mundum, ( Nepali: किरात मुन्दुम) also known as Kiratism, or Kirati Mundum, is an animistic folk religion of the Kirati ethnic groups of Nepal, Darjeeling and Sikkim, majorly practiced by Yakkha, Limbu, Sunuwar, Rai, Thami, Jirel, Hayu and Surel peoples in the north-eastern Indian subcontinent. Demons, when they are regarded as spirits, may belong to either of the classes of spirits recognized by primitive animism; that is to say, they may be human, or non-human, separable souls, or discarnate spirits which have never inhabited a body; a sharp distinction is often drawn between these two classes, notably by the Melanesians, the West. Kirat Mundhum. As such, it is distinguished from polytheism, the belief in the existence of many gods, from atheism, the belief that there is no god, and from agnosticism, the belief that the existence or nonexistence of a god or of gods is unknown or unknowable. Examples of belief systems that incorporate animist elements include Wicca, Voodoo and traditional Native American religions. I think they worshipped at least 13 separate deities. Many years ago, the Great Spirit gave the Shawnee, Sauk, Fox, and other peoples maize or corn. Animism, the Occult, and Mission. It offered people meaningful connections to the world they inhabited and united communities through common rituals and beliefs. Polytheistic religions (such as animism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Shintoism) are those who believe that many gods (or spirits) exist in the universe. Learn how to connect with the spirits of nature, ancestors, and gods in the animistic tradition of Skald's Keep. Religion is a cultural. . It was an admixture of complex ceremonies, practices, animistic beliefs, varied forms of belief in objects having magical powers, and nature worship—culminated in the worship of the sun, which was presided over by the Inca. This paper explores some perspectives of indigenous animistic belief systems from researchers who have made observations while studying amongst North American tribes. Sometimes children cry if a favorite stuffed animal is kicked or callously tossed out of the way, because they are afraid the animal’s feelings will be hurt. 1. 3. Souls—also referred to as spirits. Ancient Hawaiians lived by the animistic philosophy that assigned living souls to animals, trees, stones, stars, and clouds, as well as to humans. Magic - Globalization, Supernatural, Phenomenon: Western conceptions of magic, religion, and science were exported to other parts of the globe in the modern period by traders, conquerors, missionaries, anthropologists, and historians. TONALLI: one’s name, shadow, destiny and consciousness, the force of will and intelligence, that shapes one’s character, the body’s double. Verified answer. Totemism, a system of belief practised by the Native American Indian people, and the Australian Aboriginal people for example, incorporates the notion that each human being has a spiritual connection to. This module is divided into three parts. In this article, we’re going to delve into the mystical world of animism and shamanism. Animism is the belief that non-human entities contain souls or spirits. Overview. There are ideological, mystical, emotional, reverential, and genealogical relationships of social groups or specific persons with animals or natural objects, the so-called totems. Ancestral spirits who guide their descendants are believed to reside throughout the mountain. Images in this thread P@WG thicc Naomi @thotties. The top three religions in the world are both monotheistic (Christanity and Islam) and polytheistic (Hindu). Typically, the gods are understood to be expressed in the natural world – some in material objects, some in heavenly objects, some in animals and. Freud drew the concept of animism from anthropologists such as Herbert Spencer, James George Frazer, Andrew Lang, Edward Burnett Tyler, and Wilhelm Wundt, who used it to refer to the tendency, thought to belong to people in primitive cultures and children, of attributing a soul to things and thus ascribing an intentionality. Unofficial subreddit for fans and admirers of WWE's Naomi aka Trinity Fatu. Figure 6. The Polytheistic religion Or polytheism is the belief and worship of many gods. If you were to look closely at the amniotic membrane, you would be able to notice that the membrane is comprised of several layers. On this page, you will find the Warlock (Archwitch Willow) Decks to play! This page is updated multiple times a. Unofficial subreddit for fans and admirers of WWE's Naomi aka Trinity Fatu. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The earliest known forms of true Chinese writing date to which Chinese dynasty? A. Many spirits in animism are considering to be recently-died what/ whom? Ancestors. The meaning of ANIMISM is a doctrine that the vital principle of organic development is immaterial spirit. e. Animism (from the Latin: animus or anima, meaning mind or soul) refers to a belief in numerous personalized, supernatural beings endowed with reason, intelligence and/or volition, that inhabit both objects and living beings and govern their existences. Right effort (encourage good, helpful thoughts, discourage unwholesome destructive thoughts). Traditions of the Ancestors. For many in the Imperium of Man, this belief. "The crocodile lives in the water and yet he breathes air, an example of the adaptation to two different environments. 3: belief in the. , 2010). Specifically, it will address indigenous interactions with the natural world and, in particular, their belief that humans are a part of nature. Wicca ( English: / ˈwɪkə / ), also known as " The Craft ", [1] is a modern pagan, syncretic, earth-centered religion. Click the card to. B) development of language skills is necessary to the connection between thought and action. 1 per cent of the population of Indonesia (National Socio Economic Survey, 1969). Arab polytheism, the dominant belief system, was based on the belief in deities and other supernatural beings such as djinn. In many Filipino cultures, these beliefs were later influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Defining Animism. Developmental Stages of the Learner Susan B. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Epic overview. 2. . Canada e. Supernaturalism asserts the existence of forces beyond human comprehension that frequently interfere, for better or worse, in human affairs. In this practice, wisdom and healing are revealed through imagery,. According to the module 2 video, her presupposition would be part of her. [2]2 Introduction The Assault on Empathy by Turkle becomes more vivid amidst the era when digital screens are intermediaries in our sociability and tech is ubiquitous. 7K Likes. Animism, the Occult, and Mission. Agnosticism. Berlin. World Trade Organization (WTO). . A. She summed it up as follows: “When you say good things, good things will happen. A Christian worldview, on the other hand, answers the three questions biblically: 1) We are God’s creation, designed to govern the world and fellowship with Him ( Genesis 1:27-28; 2:15 ). Animistic views recognize that rivers, stones, trees, animals, human-created objects, and people all have spirits and that those spirits can be worked with, learned from, and honored in various ways. aj/gle/mca. 1K subscribers.